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  1. Date: Fri, 21 Aug 92 05:06:48    
  2. From: Space Digest maintainer <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
  3. Reply-To: Space-request@isu.isunet.edu
  4. Subject: Space Digest V15 #131
  5. To: Space Digest Readers
  6. Precedence: bulk
  7.  
  8.  
  9. Space Digest                Fri, 21 Aug 92       Volume 15 : Issue 131
  10.  
  11. Today's Topics:
  12.                 Inflatable Space Stations - Why Not ?
  13.              Jupiter's Arrow: An Economical SETI Strategy
  14. NASA statement on Earth Data System proposals [NTE 92-71] (Forwarded)
  15.                             Soyuz as ACRV
  16.                             Universe Shape
  17.  
  18.     Welcome to the Space Digest!!  Please send your messages to
  19.     "space@isu.isunet.edu", and (un)subscription requests of the form
  20.     "Subscribe Space <your name>" to one of these addresses: listserv@uga
  21.     (BITNET), rice::boyle (SPAN/NSInet), utadnx::utspan::rice::boyle
  22.     (THENET), or space-REQUEST@isu.isunet.edu (Internet).
  23. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  24.  
  25. Date: 20 Aug 92 13:59:37 GMT
  26. From: Gary Coffman <ke4zv!gary>
  27. Subject: Inflatable Space Stations - Why Not ?
  28. Newsgroups: sci.space
  29.  
  30. In article <1992Aug19.183403.1527@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu> jrm@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu writes:
  31. >Whatever became of the idea of inflatable space habitats/workstations ?
  32. [deleted]
  33. >
  34. >What's the problem ? Is this perhaps a TOO CHEAP solution - meaning that
  35. >the contractors couldn't steal enough money during development ? If we
  36. >want nice BIG space stations, with loads of internal room, with easy
  37. >expandability ... inflatable spheres sound like the economical solution.
  38. >Any feedback on this ?
  39.  
  40. Large low mass structures at LEO don't stay in orbit very long. In 
  41. ballistic terms their Sectional Density is lousy. At higher orbits, 
  42. balloons don't offer enough radiation shielding. A lot of assembly 
  43. work is required to move equipment in and anchor it to hard points 
  44. unless the balloon is equipped with a rigid internal truss capable 
  45. of taking launch stresses and that drives up costs. Other than that 
  46. Mrs. Lincoln, how did you like the play?
  47.  
  48. Gary
  49.  
  50. ------------------------------
  51.  
  52. Date: 20 Aug 92 15:49:57 GMT
  53. From: Jeff Bytof <rabjab@golem.ucsd.edu>
  54. Subject: Jupiter's Arrow: An Economical SETI Strategy
  55. Newsgroups: sci.space
  56.  
  57.         
  58.               JUPITER'S ARROW: AN ECONOMICAL STRATEGY FOR INITIATING 
  59.                             INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION
  60.         
  61.                                   Jeff Bytof
  62.                       University of California, San Diego
  63.                                  Mail Code 0230
  64.                                La Jolla, CA 92093
  65.         
  66.         Abstract:
  67.         
  68.         A strategy is outlined that allows the effort expended by a 
  69.         civilization seeking to establish interstellar communication 
  70.         with us to be minimized.  The method uses a time reference 
  71.         based on the orbital motion of Jupiter to coordinate signal 
  72.         transmission, acquisition and acknowledgement.
  73.         
  74.         
  75.         
  76.               Signals beamed at Earth from another technological 
  77.         civilization may not be "on" continuously.  This is because 
  78.         of the understandable need to minimize the cost of a project 
  79.         that has no guarantee of success (1).  However, intermittent 
  80.         signaling presents a difficulty if we do not know the 
  81.         sender's schedule, or are not observing the sky 
  82.         omnidirectionally (2).
  83.         
  84.               If brief, infrequent yet periodic incoming signals are 
  85.         assumed to be coordinated with a cyclical process observable 
  86.         by both the sender and receiver, a matching search strategy 
  87.         can be formulated.  Possible timing mechanisms of interest 
  88.         suitable for signal coordination have been discussed (3).  
  89.         It has also been proposed that the Sun and Jupiter, the 
  90.         largest and most visible objects in our Solar System, be 
  91.         employed as a likely timing method (4).  In this report, a 
  92.         technique is outlined utilizing the Sun-Jupiter timing 
  93.         system to minimize the efforts of sender and receiver by 
  94.         coordinating the transmission, receipt and acknowledgement 
  95.         of a signal sent to us for the purpose of establishing 
  96.         contact.
  97.          
  98.               As seen from the center of our Solar System, Jupiter, 
  99.         as a result of its orbital motion around the Sun, achieves 
  100.         minimum angular separation from each star once every 11.86 
  101.         years.  Figure 1 shows where the loci of minimum separations 
  102.         project on our sky as a function of year.  By this strategy,
  103.         signals would be timed to arrive here when Jupiter was 
  104.         closest to a sender's direction as viewed heliocentrically.  
  105.         Our task as listeners is to look in the potential sender's 
  106.         direction for a brief period at the time of his star's 
  107.         minimum heliocentric separation with Jupiter.  Hence, the 
  108.         Sun-Jupiter vector acts as an obvious indicator or "arrow" 
  109.         towards the set of directions we should search.
  110.          
  111.               For the sender to properly "navigate" signals to us, 
  112.         he must make telescopic observations to determine the 
  113.         distance to our Solar System and be able to calculate the 
  114.         future position of Jupiter to a desired level of accuracy.  
  115.         The sender must also estimate the probable error in the 
  116.         arrival time of the signal, because this determines the 
  117.         minimum message duration that will result in a high  
  118.         probability of being received by us at the time we might be 
  119.         expected to be looking for it.
  120.          
  121.               It is likely that a sender of a message across 
  122.         interstellar space would be interested in receiving a 
  123.         meaningful and appropriately timed reply. The message we  
  124.         receive may contain instructions for us to transmit an 
  125.         acknowledgement at a specific moment, corrected for his 
  126.         timing errors.  If our acknowledgement is sent properly, it 
  127.         would arrive at the sender's receiver within a pre-planned 
  128.         time window, thus dramatically reducing the amount of 
  129.         dedicated instrument time that he needs to spend checking 
  130.         for replies from our direction.
  131.  
  132.               As defined, the "Jupiter's Arrow" strategy requires 
  133.         the sender to make only one transmission and reply check in 
  134.         our direction every 11.86 years.  Any increase in the 
  135.         quality of his knowledge of the distance and dynamics of our 
  136.         Solar System would further reduce arrival-time error, 
  137.         thereby minimizing the duration of transmission and 
  138.         monitoring periods, freeing the sender to use his 
  139.         instruments for other tasks almost all of the time.
  140.  
  141.               As searchers adhering to the Jupiter's Arrow strategy, 
  142.         we need to examine each direction at the proper time only 
  143.         once, given that a sender is actually transmitting with the 
  144.         strategy and we are using a receiver with the correct 
  145.         frequency and adequate sensitivity.  Missed signals would 
  146.         repeat every 11.86 years, ensuring that even a search making 
  147.         a small number of observations per year would eventually 
  148.         succeed.
  149.         
  150.         
  151.                             REFERENCES AND NOTES 
  152.         
  153.         
  154.         1. S. von Hoerner, Science 134, 1839 (1961).
  155.         
  156.         
  157.         2. J. Pfleiderer, AIAA Progress in Aeronautics and 
  158.         Astronautics 110, 305 (1988); R. H. Gray, Journal of the 
  159.         British Interplanetary Society 43, 531 (1990).
  160.         
  161.         3. Objects proposed for timers include supernovae, variable 
  162.         stars and double stars [W. I. McLaughlin, Icarus 32, 464 
  163.         (1977); G. W. Pace and J. C. G. Walker, Nature 254, 400 
  164.         (1975); T. B. Tang, Journal of the British Interplanetary 
  165.         Society 29, 469 (1976)].
  166.         
  167.         4. C. E. Singer, Cosmic Search 4, 22 (1982).
  168.         
  169.         5. I thank Andrew Buffington, Stanley Miller, David Newton, 
  170.         Alan Schneider, Woodruff Sullivan and Jill Tarter for 
  171.         helpful discussions.
  172.                                 * * *      
  173.         Fig. 1. Isochrones of minimum heliocentric Jupiter-star angular
  174.         separation projected on our sky.  A planetary ephemeris was
  175.         used to determine the time of Jupiter's minimum separation
  176.         with each star.  The times of minimum separation are summarized
  177.         by search curves for January 1st of each year from 1992 to 2002.
  178.         Circles represent stars brighter than magnitude 4.5. 
  179.  
  180.        
  181. --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  182. Following is a uuencoded, compressed ascii PostScript version of Figure 1.
  183. On a Unix system, the command sequence to extract it should be:
  184.       undecode this_file
  185.       uncompress  ljplot.ps.Z
  186.       lpr ljplot.ps       (to a PostScript printer)
  187. The version of PostScript *should* be fairly portable!
  188. I will US mail a copy of the manuscript and figure to any requestor.           
  189. ---------------------------Cut Here---------------------------------------
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  694. `
  695. end
  696.  
  697. ------------------------------
  698.  
  699. Date: 20 Aug 92 16:24:17 GMT
  700. From: Greg Moore <strider@acm.rpi.edu>
  701. Subject: NASA statement on Earth Data System proposals [NTE 92-71] (Forwarded)
  702. Newsgroups: sci.space
  703.  
  704. In article <1538@hsvaic.boeing.com> eder@hsvaic.boeing.com (Dani Eder) writes:
  705. >strider@acm.rpi.edu (Greg Moore) writes:
  706. >
  707.     Ah, NO... I did NOT write the following...
  708.  
  709. >>>    NASA has elected, therefore, to offer an additional 
  710. >>>opportunity for offerers in the competitive range to 
  711. >>>adjust the proposed costs to a more realistic level.  In 
  712. >>>instructions issued by the Goddard Space Flight Center 
  713. >>>on Aug.10, 1992, as an amendment to the solicitation, 
  714. >>>NASA has directed the offerers to submit revised cost 
  715. >>>proposals. Changes to the previously submitted technical 
  716. >>>and business management proposals will not be 
  717. >>>considered.
  718. [rest deleted for brevity]
  719. >
  720. >Dani
  721. >
  722. >>
  723. >-- 
  724. >Dani Eder/Boeing/Advanced Civil Space/(205)464-2697(w)/232-7467(h)/
  725. >Rt.1, Box 188-2, Athens AL 35611/Member: Space Studies Institute
  726. >Physical Location: 34deg 37' N 86deg 43' W +100m alt.
  727. >***THE ABOVE IS NOT THE OPINION OF THE BOEING COMPANY OR ITS MANAGEMENT.***
  728.  
  729.  
  730. -- 
  731. <------------------------------------------------------------------------->
  732. Greg d. Moore                  |  Strider@acm.rpi.edu
  733. Green Mountain Software        |  "All that is gold does not glitter."  
  734. Carpe Diem                     | 
  735.  
  736. ------------------------------
  737.  
  738. Date: 20 Aug 92 13:40:30 GMT
  739. From: Gary Coffman <ke4zv!gary>
  740. Subject: Soyuz as ACRV
  741. Newsgroups: sci.space
  742.  
  743. In article <Bt8op4.8y3.1@cs.cmu.edu> jch+@cs.cmu.edu (Jonathan Hardwick) writes:
  744. >
  745. >Uh-huh.  Wings are great for getting back down cheaply.  Wings suck
  746. >for getting up there in the first place.  Spam-in-a-can is going to be
  747. >economically justified for a long time to come, and if the US space
  748. >program sticks exclusively with winged vehicles, it's going to be
  749. >throwing money away that could be used for something else.
  750.  
  751. Yeah but I'd rather have an operational space transporter than higher
  752. VA benefits.
  753.  
  754. Gary
  755.  
  756. ------------------------------
  757.  
  758. Date: 20 Aug 92 03:31:55 GMT
  759. From: AAA <aabdalla@pollux.usc.edu>
  760. Subject: Universe Shape
  761. Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.astro,sci.space
  762.  
  763. I just started reading Riordan and Schramm's book on dark matter,
  764. the universe, and stuff (_Shadows of Creation_), and I already have
  765. a couple of questions - I am not a physicist or a cosmologist...
  766.  
  767. Within the first 30 pages, R & S describe this theory of a "flat"
  768. universe which matches very well with the "inflationary" universe
  769. hypothesis of Guth.  As I understand it, R & S also feel that most
  770. physicists believe that the universe is flat, which in symbols would
  771. mean that Omega (critical density over actual density) is 1.  
  772. Of course there is still a huge search on to prove this, since our
  773. measurements yield Omega=0.1 or so, right?
  774.  
  775. If in a closed universe, we could travel in a "straight" line and 
  776. end up back where we started, and in an open universe we couldn't...
  777. then what happens in a flat universe?  I'm not sure if I understood
  778. R & S correctly, but is it accurate to say that the inflationary
  779. universe scenario starts out with Omega less than 1 (so the universe
  780. is closed), then as it "inflates", Omega rapidly approaches 1 so
  781. that expansion forever continues BUT the universe remains closed?
  782.  
  783. I apologize for any errors in my question, and I do realize these 
  784. questions may have no answer yet...but thanks in advance for any
  785. help.
  786.  
  787. Please reply by email:  aabdalla@pollux.usc.edu
  788.  
  789. AAA
  790.  
  791. ------------------------------
  792.  
  793. End of Space Digest Volume 15 : Issue 131
  794. ------------------------------
  795.